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Using de Expressing possession by using the preposition de of is quite unlike what people are accustomed to in English. Spanish nouns have no apostrophe s; you must use a reverse word order joined by the preposition de. Whose idea is it? Es la idea de Julia y del hermano de Julia. Possessive adjectives must agree in gender and number singular or plural with the objects that are possessed; they never agree with the possessors.
I lost my glasses. Nosotros escuchamos a nuestro profesor. We listen to our teacher. Necesito su ayuda. I brush my teeth twice a day. The following sections walk you through the world of object pronouns. A direct object pronoun simply replaces a direct object noun and agrees with it in number and gender. In both English and Spanish, a direct object noun follows the subject and its verb: Veo la casa.
I see the house. Unlike in English, however, you usually place a Spanish direct object pronoun before the conjugated verb: La veo. I see it. Table lists the direct object pronouns in Spanish.
He understands me. Do you see us? The newspapers? I read them every day. People often use le rather than lo in Spain to express you masculine or him.
Lo is used as a direct object pronoun in Spanish America. The plural of lo and le is los, which means them or you. I watch the child. Lo [Le] cuido. I watch him. I watch the children. Los [Les] cuido.
I watch them. I watch the program. Lo miro. I watch it. I watch the programs. Los miro. Understanding the personal a In Spanish, the personal a conveys absolutely no meaning and is used only before a direct object noun not before a direct object pronoun or any indirect objects to indicate that it refers to a person or a beloved pet. She tamed Fido. I have two brothers. The indirect object pronoun never agrees in gender with the noun to which it refers. And just like with direct object pronouns, indirect object pronouns generally are placed before the conjugated verb.
For example: Le escribo un e-mail. Le escribo a Gloria un e-mail. Table presents the indirect object pronouns in Spanish. Are you telling me the truth? La mujer nos ofrece un refresco. The lady offers us a drink. Les doy un abrazo. I give them a hug. A clue that may indicate that you need an indirect object pronoun is the use of the preposition a al, a la, a los, or a las , which means to or for unlike the personal a, which has no meaning — see the preceding section , followed by the name of or reference to a person.
I write to Rosa. Yo le escribo. I write to her. She speaks to the boy. Ella le habla. She speaks to him. Ella le habla a Juan. She speaks to Juan. Although you may use the prepositions to and for in English, you omit these prepositions in Spanish sentences before an indirect object pronoun: Te compro un regalo. Me escriben. They are writing to me; they are writing me. Choosing the proper pronoun Sometimes people get confused when trying to figure out whether to use a direct object pronoun or an indirect object pronoun.
He respects me. Me dice un secreto. He tells me a secret. Chapter 2: Closing the Gender Gap 37 Nos visita. She visits us. Nos trae flores. She brings us flowers. I want to show [to] you this photo. The following sections give you some more insider tips that can help you decide between direct and indirect object pronouns. Common Spanish verbs requiring a direct object Verbs that require an indirect object in English may require a direct object in Spanish because to or for is included in the meaning of the infinitive.
We are waiting for our friends. Nosotros los esperamos. We are waiting for them. The verbs that follow take indirect objects in Spanish, regardless of the object used in English. I advise you to practice more. Ella le pide disculpa a su amiga. She asks her friend for an apology. Doing an about face with gustar Verbs like gustar require special attention because although you can say I like in English, in Spanish you have to say that something is pleasing to you. Note how the English and Spanish sentences convey the same meaning but are expressed in a totally different fashion: English: I like chocolate.
Spanish: Chocolate is pleasing to me. The following table presents other Spanish verbs that work like gustar: Spanish Verb disgustar faltar fascinar importar interesar Meaning to upset, displease to lack, need to fascinate to be important to interest Chapter 2: Closing the Gender Gap Spanish Verb parecer quedar 39 Meaning to seem to remain to someone, have left Here are some examples that show how you use these verbs in Spanish sentences.
Do you like sports? Literally: Are sports pleasing to you? Nos interesa viajar. We are interested in traveling.
Literally: Traveling is interesting to us. You use the third-person singular form of any verb from the previous list with one or more infinitives: Me gusta cantar. I like to sing. Me gusta cantar y bailar. I like to sing and dance. It seems clear to me. The girls like ice cream. Positioning object pronouns How do you decide where to place a direct or indirect object pronoun in a Spanish sentence? Generally, you place these pronouns before the conjugated verb: Nosotros los necesitamos.
We need them. Siempre les cuentas chistes. You always tell them jokes. The following list provides some examples of this construction. When you attach the pronoun to the participle, an accent is required on the stressed vowel. In general, to correctly place the accent, you count back three vowels and add the accent. Also, remember that negatives go before the pronoun when it precedes the verb. No Quiero hacerlo. In a negative command, the object pronoun precedes the verb. In an affirmative command, however, the object pronoun must follow the verb and be attached to it for more on commands, refer to Chapter 8.
The stressed vowel normally requires an accent mark if there are only two vowels, no accent is necessary. To properly place the accent, count back three vowels and add it.
Prepare it. Do it. Now take a look at the negatives: No la prepare. No lo hagas. Chapter 2: Closing the Gender Gap 41 Doing double duty Spanish sentences quite commonly require both a direct and an indirect object pronoun.
She shows us the magazines. Ella nos las muestra. She shows them to us. We give you the ticket. Nosotros te lo damos. We give it to you. He reads the magazines to his grandparents. He reads them to them.
Tell it to me. Negative: No me lo diga. Negative: No me lo digas. We are buying it for them. Show it to me. Bring them to us. However, you also find out that some verbs walk to the beat of a different drummer; for these verbs, you have to memorize their patterns or irregularities.
In this chapter, you form the present and present progressive tenses with many types of verbs that enable you to talk and write about events and situations that occur now. We also give you information on using Spanish subject pronouns. You encounter three types of stem-changing verbs, classified according to their stem changes: e to i, e to ie, and o to ue. The changes enable the verbs to comply with pronunciation rules of the particular letters.
The affected consonants are c, g, and z. Selecting Subject Pronouns A subject pronoun is a word used in place of a subject noun. This pronoun identifies who or what is performing the action of the verb.
I, we, you, he, she, it, and they are the English subject pronouns. They tell the verb who or what is performing the action, and they dictate the form of the verb you must use. In English, he shops, but they shop. You always write the abbreviations Ud. Here are some examples: Yo me voy. Eduardo y yo salimos. Edward and I are going out. Are you looking for something? Ustedes necesitan ayuda? Do you need help? You use Ud. Are you Spanish? Likewise, although ustedes is usually abbreviated Uds.
Vosotros vosotras versus Uds. Vosotros and vosotras are informal familiar plural subject pronouns expressing you. The vosotros vosotras form is used primarily in Spain to address more than one friend, relative, child, or pet — the informal, plural form of you. You use vosotros when speaking to a group of males or to a combined group of males and females. Do you understand me?
You are very nice. He plays the guitar while she dances. Ellos versus ellas Ellos they refers to more than one male or to a combined group of males and females, no matter the number of each gender present. Ellas refers to a group of females only: Juan y Jorge Ellos escuchan. Juan and Jorge [They] listen. Luz y Susana Ellas escuchan.
Luz and Susana [They] listen. Juan and Luz [They] listen. The boy and 1, girls [They] listen. Nosotros refers to more than one male or to a combined group of males and females, no matter the number of each gender present. Nosotras refers to a group of females only: Jorge y yo Nosotros jugamos al tenis. Jorge and I [We] play tennis. Ana y yo Nosotras jugamos al tenis.
Ana and I [We] play tennis. In Spanish, however, you use subject pronouns a lot less frequently because the verb ending generally indicates the subject. If you look ahead to the section that follows, you notice that a verb ending in -o must have the subject yo no matter the infinitive ending -ar, -er, -ir because no other verb has an -o ending. Let me introduce you to my friend Marta. She speaks Spanish. To avoid confusion, you regularly use the subject pronoun Ud. Do you [he, she] speak Spanish?
Habla bien. My boyfriend speaks Spanish. He speaks well. Do you speak Spanish? They [You] sing well. Cantan bien. My cousins are in the chorus. They sing well. You sing well, too. We watch television every day. Shall I prepare dinner now?
How long have you been studying Spanish? Defining regular verbs Most verbs are fairly well behaved. They follow the rules. So, what exactly do we mean by conjugation? Most verbs are regular, which means that all verbs with the same infinitive ending follow the same rules of conjugation.
Do you earn enough money? Ellos deciden quedarse en casa. They decide to stay home. For your reference, the following tables list many regular verbs that follow this easy conjugation in the present. Common regular -ar verbs include 50 Spanish Essentials For Dummies -ar Verb ayudar buscar comprar desear escuchar estudiar hablar llegar mirar Meaning to help to look for to buy to desire to listen to to study to speak, to talk to arrive to look at -ar Verb necesitar olvidar pagar preguntar regresar telefonear tomar viajar visitar Meaning to need to forget to pay to ask to return to phone to take to travel to visit Common -er verbs include -er Verb aprender beber comer correr creer deber leer prometer Meaning to learn to drink to eat to run to believe to have to, to owe to read to promise Common -ir verbs include -ir Verb abrir asistir decidir descubrir escribir partir subir vivir Meaning to open to attend to decide to discover to write to divide, to share to go up, to climb to live Changing verb stems Some Spanish verbs undergo stem changes — internal changes to a vowel to preserve the original sound of the verbs after you add a new ending.
You conjugate the nosotros and vosotros forms in the normal fashion their stems resemble the infinitive. Check out Figure to see what we mean. You use some verbs with stem changes in the present tense impersonally, in the third-person singular only: Hiela. Another verb conjugated like dormir is morir to die. Habituar to accustom someone to is another verb that fits into this category. This stem change is adding a y after the u. For instance, concluir to conclude changes to yo concluyo nosotros concluimos.
This shift is nothing to be overly concerned about because the change occurs only in the first-person singular yo form of the verb. In the present tense, verbs with the endings listed in Table undergo spelling changes. Here are the verbs with spelling changes in the present tense that you can expect to encounter most often: Spanish Verb aparecer conocer merecer obedecer parecer producir reconocer Meaning to appear to know to be acquainted with to deserve, merit to obey to seem to produce to recognize Double or nothing: Verbs with two changes A few Spanish verbs have both a spelling change and a stem change in the present tense.
You must conjugate these verbs to accommodate both changes. Table lists these verbs. We cover the three categories of irregular present tense verbs in the following sections: those that are irregular only in the yo form, those that are irregular in all forms except nosotros and vosotros, and those that are completely irregular. Irregular yo forms In the present tense, some verbs are irregular only in the first-person singular yo form. You conjugate the other verb forms in the regular fashion: by dropping the infinitive ending -ar, -er, or -ir and adding the ending that corresponds to the subject.
I give her a watch and he gives her earrings. I put on a coat and he puts on a sweater. I have to work now. Completely well, almost irregular verbs The verbs in Table are irregular in all or most of their forms in the present tense.
High-frequency expressions that use dar include the following: Expression dar un abrazo a dar las gracias a dar un paseo Meaning to hug, to embrace to thank to take a walk Here is an example: Ellos dan un paseo por el parque. They take a walk in the park.
The weather is bad today. Hacemos un viaje a Puerto Rico. We are taking a trip to Puerto Rico. I have a headache. They are right. Vas a dejar caer el vaso. Be careful! You are going to drop the glass. You, the subject, are doing something to or for yourself. In English, reflexive actions become a little fuzzy, because so much is considered to be understood.
Spanish, however, delineates reflexive action by requiring the use of a reflexive verb. When creating a reflexive verb construction, you need a subject, a reflexive pronoun, and a verb. When you conjugate reflexive verbs in English, you place the pronouns in front of the conjugated verb.
Are you wondering how to recognize a reflexive verb? That -se ending shows that the reflexive verb has a reflexive pronoun as its direct or indirect object see Chapter 2.
The subject of a reflexive verb, like subjects with other verbs, may be omitted. Whether you use or imply the subject, however, the subject and its reflexive pronoun must refer to the same person or thing: Yo Me llamo Gloria. My name is Gloria. We get up. Reflexive pronouns are exactly the same as direct and indirect object pronouns except for the third-person singular and plural se forms. Because you use se when double object pronouns appear in a sentence as we cover in Chapter 2 , remembering to use it as the reflexive pronoun should be relatively easy.
Table shows reflexive verbs and the reflexive pronoun for each subject. Depending on what you want to say, a verb may have both a reflexive and a nonreflexive form.
Well, a reflexive verb requires that the subject act upon itself. What if, however, that subject acts upon someone or something else? Look carefully at the examples that follow: Ella se lava. She washes herself. Ella lava a su perro. She washes her dog. He prepares the meal. He prepares himself. The following table presents many common reflexive verbs letters in parentheses indicate a spelling change.
Do you often get angry? No, no me enojo a menudo. No me enojo nunca. I never get angry. Beginners to the language will find quick reference for verbs in the basic present tenses, and advanced speakers will learn the more complex tenses of verbs as well as memorize advanced verbs with irregular endings. Do you want to learn how to speak Spanish? One major aspect of learning a new language is learning the vocabulary, but for many people, this involves memorization, which can be a difficult task.
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